semiotics - uses signs and symbols individually and in sign systems to study communication. This also includes how we understand and construct meaning.
sign - something that stands for something else.
signifier - a sound or image referring to something else within a sign.
signified - a concept or object being referred to within a sign.
icon - sign category; this thing bears a physical resemblance to the object or concept being referred to.
index - sign category; there is a direct link between the sign and the object or concept that can be figured out by looking at it.
symbol - sign category; there is a connection between the sign and object or concept that is learned and agreed upon in society.
syntagm - signs that have a sequential order between each other, and can exist in various forms.
paradigm - accepted outline that units are apart of a common set, but each unit is inherently different from another unit.
code - a part of language; a culture decides on a specific set of signs to be used within society.
polysemy - the existence of multiple meanings for a single word or phrase.
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